By the 1980s, computers had become sufficiently small and cheap to replace simple mechanical controls in domestic appliances such as washing machines. By the 1970s, the adoption of integrated circuit technology and the creation of microprocessors such as the Intel 4004 caused another leap in size, speed, cost and reliability. Vacuum tube computers were in use throughout the 1950s, but were largely replaced in the 1960s by transistor computers, which were smaller, faster, and cheaper, used less power and were more reliable. More powerful and flexible computing devices were constructed in the 1930s and 1940s, gradually adding the key features that are seen in modern computers. IBM developed punch card technology into a powerful tool for business data processing and produced an extensive line of specialized unit record equipment.
Hollerith’s company eventually became the core of IBM. In 1890, the United States Census Bureau used punch cards and sorting machines designed by Herman Hollerith to handle the flood of data from the decennial census mandated by the Constitution. In 1837, Charles Babbage was the first to design a fully programmable mechanical computer that he called “The Analytical Engine”. This was a landmark point in programmability.
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The series of cards could be changed without changing the mechanical design of the loom. In 1801, Joseph-Marie Jacquard developed a loom in which the pattern being woven was controlled by punched cards. However, none of those devices fit the modern definition of a computer because they could not be programmed. In 1623 Wilhelm Schickard built the first mechanical calculator and thus Examples of early mechanical computing devices included the abacus, the slide rule, etc. Originally, the term “computer” referred to a person who performed numerical calculations (a human computer) often with the aid of a mechanical calculating device. The parts produced by our plant are reliable. When translating the article he used no dictionary.Ģ2. Applying this new method the operator received good results. 19.The man replacing this device by a new one is our mechanic. 17.The recent talks resulted in the agreement just signed.ġ8.The data obtained outweighed those that we had had before. Written in pencil the article was difficult to read.ġ6.We also discuss experiments connected with some related questions. 14.The instrument used is very reliable.ġ5. Using the energy of the atom we produce electric energy at atomic power plants.ġ2.Algol is a system being developed and intended to become a universal programming language.ġ3.The compound being treated for several hours turned dark red. When being pure, water is a colourless liquid.ġ1. System design goes through several stages, becoming more detailed in each stage.ġ0. Electronic computers perform both arithmetic and logical operations, making it possible to control the process under rather complicated conditions.ĩ. Synthetic materials resembling ivory were widespread by 1900.Ĩ. New plastics are being introduced all the time.ħ. Detailed information about a suspect’s background may be obtained from a computer.Ħ. The jobs of many skilled workers are threatened by the computer.ĥ. The MSC causes the cellphone to tune to the allocated frequency channel.Ĥ. The MSC keeps a register of cellphones indicating their cell position.ģ.
The size of the cells varies depending on the output power of the cellphone transmitters.Ģ. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian paying attention to the participles.ġ. 18.The engine tested showed that it needed no further improvements.ĥ.14.
Having designed the car radar the engineers started complex tests. 15.The device made in our laboratory will be used in industry.ġ6.Scientists working at new computers have a lot of different problems to solve.ġ7. 14.Students studying at our university must know Mathematics well. 10.Network connections using radio signals without network cables are becoming more common.ġ1.Robots, controlled by computers with neural nets, would be able to learn for themselves rather than depend on fixed programs.ġ2.Barcode is the sequence of vertical parallel lines used to give items unique identification numbers.ġ3.A smart card is a plastic card containing a processor and memory chip.
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